Incidence and risk factors associated with pressure injury in patients with traumatic brain injury.

AIM: To identify the prevalence of pressure injury in patients diagnosed with traumatic brain injury and analyse the risk factors involved during hospitalization. METHODS: This was a prospective study evaluating patients who were diagnosed with traumatic brain injury between November 2013 and September 2014. Patient characteristics, clinical and metabolic factors and therapeutic interventions, were evaluated within 30 days of hospital admission. RESULTS: Most of the 240 patients included in the study were male, young, and non-Caucasian. The incidence of pressure injury was 18.8%. In terms of severity classification, the incidence of pressure injury was 2.7%, 23.2%, and 42.6% in mild, moderate, and severe traumatic brain injury, respectively. Pressure injury development was more likely in the first 10 days of hospitalization. A moderate or severe traumatic brain injury classification, the use of noradrenaline, and older age were pressure injury risk factors. The presence of pressure injury was associated with mortality within 30 days of hospitalization (P < .001). CONCLUSION: The incidence of pressure injury was high in patients diagnosed with traumatic brain injury, especially in those whose injury was classified as severe. Older age, noradrenaline use, and a classification of moderate or severe traumatic brain injury were identified as pressure injury risk factors.

Status and nutritional therapy in elective and emergency neurosurgery patients.

OBJEVECT: To evaluate the Nutritional Status (NS) and follow the Enteral Nutritional Therapy (ENT) of patients in neurosurgical intervention. METHOD: Cohort study in emergency or elective surgery patients with exclusive ENT. Anthropometric measurements (Arm Circumference (AC and Triceps Skinfold (TSF)) were measured on the first, seventh and 14th day. For the ENT monitoring, caloric/protein adequacy, fasting, inadvertent output of the enteral probe and residual gastric volume were used. RESULTS: 80 patients, 78.7% in emergency surgery and 21.3% in elective surgery. There was a reduction in AC and Body Mass Index (BMI) (p>0.01), especially for the emergency group. The caloric/protein adequacy was higher in the emergency group (86.7% and 81.8%). CONCLUSION: The EN change was greater in the emergency group, even with better ENT adequacy. Changes in body composition are frequent in neurosurgical patients, regardless of the type of procedure.

Status and nutritional therapy in elective and emergency neurosurgery patients / Estado y terapia nutricional en pacientes de neurocirugía electiva y urgencia / Estado e terapia nutricional em pacientes de neurocirurgia eletiva e urgência

ABSTRACT Objevect: To evaluate the Nutritional Status (NS) and follow the Enteral Nutritional Therapy (ENT) of patients in neurosurgical intervention. Method: Cohort study in emergency or elective surgery patients with exclusive ENT. Anthropometric measurements (Arm Circumference (AC and Triceps Skinfold (TSF)) were measured on the first, seventh and 14th day. For the ENT monitoring, caloric/protein adequacy, fasting, inadvertent output of the enteral probe and residual gastric volume were used. Results: 80 patients, 78.7% in emergency surgery and 21.3% in elective surgery. There was a reduction in AC and Body Mass Index (BMI) (p>0.01), especially for the emergency group. The caloric/protein adequacy was higher in the emergency group (86.7% and 81.8%). Conclusion: The EN change was greater in the emergency group, even with better ENT adequacy. Changes in body composition are frequent in neurosurgical patients, regardless of the type of procedure.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar el Estado Nutricional (EN) y acompañar la Terapia Nutricional Enteral (TNE) de pacientes en intervención neuroquirúrgica. Método: Estudio tipo cohorte en pacientes de cirugía de urgencia o electiva, con TNE exclusiva. Se midieron medidas antropométricas (Circunferencia del Brazo (CB) y Pliegue Cutáneo Tricipital (PCT)) en el primer, séptimo y decimocuarto días. Para el monitoreo de la TNE: adecuación calórica/proteica, desayuno, salida inadvertida de la sonda enteral y volumen residual gástrico. Resultados: 80 pacientes, 78,7% en cirugía de urgencia y 21,3% en electiva. Hubo reducción de la CB y del Índice Masa Corporal (IMC) (p> 0,01), en especial para el grupo de urgencia. La adecuación calórica/proteica fue superior en el grupo de urgencia (86,7% y 81,8%). Conclusión: La alteración del EN fue más alta en el grupo de urgencia mismo con mejor adecuación de la TNE. La alteración de la composición corporal es frecuente en pacientes neuroquirúrgicos independientemente del tipo de procedimiento.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o Estado Nutricional (EN) e acompanhar a Terapia Nutricional Enteral (TNE) de pacientes em intervenção neurocirúrgica. Método: Estudo tipo coorte em pacientes de cirurgia de urgência ou eletiva, com TNE exclusiva. Foram aferidas medidas antropométricas (Circunferência do Braço (CB) e Dobra Cutânea Tricipital (DCT)) no primeiro, sétimo e 14º dia. Para o monitoramento da TNE, utilizou-se: adequação calórico/proteica, jejum, saída inadvertida da sonda enteral e volume residual gástrico. Resultados: 80 pacientes, 78,7% em cirurgia de urgência e 21,3% em eletiva. Houve redução da CB e do Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) (p>0,01), em especial para o grupo de urgência. A adequação calórica/proteica foi superior no grupo de urgência (86,7% e 81,8%). Conclusão: A alteração do EN foi maior no grupo de urgência mesmo com melhor adequação da TNE. A alteração da composição corporal é frequente em pacientes neurocirúrgicos, independentemente do tipo de procedimento.

Sucesso do transplante hepático de acordo com o tempo em lista / Success of the hepatic transplant according to the time in list

Objetivo: identificar se o tempo em lista de espera e valor do MELD pré-transplante tem relação com o prognóstico dos pacientes no período pós-operatório de transplante hepático. Método: estudo transversal e retrospectivo, com abordagem quantitativa, realizado em 85 prontuários de pacientes atendidos no hospital público terciário de alta complexidade, referência em transplante de fígado. Resultados: foram analisados 85prontuários, dos quais, 52 pacientes eram transplantados, que foram a óbito pós-transplante 32, óbito pré-transplante 1 e 40 prontuários com letras ilegíveis, com rasuras e não disponíveis no setor. A média do MELD no momento da listagem variou de oito a 40, com prevalência de 13 a 20. Conclusão: o estudo possibilitou o entendimento sobre a aplicação do MELD nos pacientes em lista de espera e que a mortalidade demonstrou-se mais baixa (1%) nestes. Quanto ao percentual pós-transplante(38%), este um eficiente método a ser utilizado em lista de espera.

Patterns of Care and Temporal Trends in Ischemic Stroke Management: A Brazilian Perspective.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Demonstration of an improvement process of quality indicators in stroke care is essential to obtain certification as a primary stroke center (PSC). Our aim was to evaluate factors that influence temporal trends in quality indicators of ischemic stroke (IS) in a Brazilian hospital. METHODS: We evaluated patients discharged with IS from a tertiary hospital from January 2009 to December 2013. Ten predefined performance measures selected by the Get With the Guidelines-Stroke program were assessed. We also compared 5 quality indicators available from a secondary community hospital for the first year of the series to those found in the tertiary hospital. RESULTS: We evaluated 551 patients at the tertiary stroke center (median age 77.0 years [interquartile range 64.0-84.0]; 58.4% were men). The quality indicators that improved with time were the use of cholesterol-lowering therapy (P = .02) and stroke education (P = .04). The median composite perfect care did not consistently improve throughout the period (P = .13). After a multivariable adjustment, only thrombolytic treatment (odds ratio [OR] 2.06, P < .01), dyslipidemia (OR 2.03, P < .01), and discharge in a Joint Commission International's (JCI) visit year (OR 1.8, P < .01) remained as predictors of a perfect care index of 85% or higher. The quality indicators with worse performance (anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation and cholesterol reduction) were similar in the tertiary and secondary community hospitals. CONCLUSIONS: We found a significant improvement in some quality indicators across the years in a PSC located in Latin America. The overall perfect care measure did not improve and was influenced by being discharged in a JCI visit year, having dyslipidemia, and having undergone thrombolytic treatment.

Complicações pós-operatórias em neurocirurgia eletiva e não eletiva / Postoperative complications in elective and non-elective neurosurgery

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a incidência de complicações pós-operatorias e mortalidade entre pacientes submetidos a neurocirurcia eletiva e não eletiva. Metodos Estudo de coorte prospectivo com pacientes adultos, acompanhados desde o período pré-operatório até a alta hospitalar ou óbito. Resultados Foram incluídos 127 pacientes no grupo cirúrgico eletivo e 75 pacientes no grupo cirúrgico não eletivo. O grupo eletivo teve mais vômitos (p=0,010) e dor (p<0,001) e o grupo não eletivo apresentou mais hipertensão intracraniana (p=0,001), anisocoria (p=0,002), vasoespasmo cerebral (p=0,043), pupilas não fotorreagentes (p=0,006) e reoperação (p=0,046). A taxa de mortalidade foi de 5,5% no grupo de cirurgia eletiva e 26,7% no grupo de cirurgia não eletiva (p<0,001). Conclusão Os procedimentos eletivos em neurocirurgia estão relacionados a maior frequência de complicações sistêmicas, enquanto as cirurgias não eletivas tiveram taxas significativamente mais altas de complicações neurológicas e mortalidade.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the incidence of postoperative complications and mortality among patients submitted to elective or non-elective neurosurgery. Methods Prospective cohort study in adult patients, followed from preoperative period until hospital discharge or death. Results One hundred and twenty seven patients were included in elective surgery group and 75 patients in non-elective surgery group. The elective group had more vomiting (p=0.010) and pain (p<0.001) and the non-elective group presented more intracranial hypertension (p=0.001), anisocoria (p=0.002), cerebral vasospasm (p=0.043), light-unresponsive pupil (p=0.006) and reoperation (p=0.046). The mortality rate was 5.5% in the elective surgery group and 26.7% in the non-elective surgery group (p<0.001). Conclusion Elective procedures in neurosurgery are related to higher frequencies of systemic complications while non-elective surgeries had significantly higher rates of neurological complications and mortality.

Assessment and nutrition education in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Neurological patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)often deteriorate to a worsening nutritional status. The aim of this study was to compare the nutritional status and food intake after nutrition education in patients with ALS. Clinical, anthropometric and functional variables were analyzed. Fifty-three patients were monitored at an early stage of the disease. The average score on the functionality scale was 33 points. Initially only 3.8% were classified as low body weight. After three months, 50% showed significant variation in anthropometric measures related to muscle mass and body fat reserves without association with clinical variables. After nutritional guidance, there was an increase in the intake of all food groups, especially the dairy group (p <0.05).The change of the nutritional status occurs early in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, even in those previously eutrophic or over weight. There was an increase in food intake after nutritional guidance according to the food guide adapted to the Brazilian population.

Assessment and nutrition education in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis / Avaliação e educação nutricional em pacientes com esclerose lateral amiotrófica

ABSTRACT Neurological patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)often deteriorate to a worsening nutritional status. The aim of this study was to compare the nutritional status and food intake after nutrition education in patients with ALS. Clinical, anthropometric and functional variables were analyzed. Fifty-three patients were monitored at an early stage of the disease. The average score on the functionality scale was 33 points. Initially only 3.8% were classified as low body weight. After three months, 50% showed significant variation in anthropometric measures related to muscle mass and body fat reserves without association with clinical variables. After nutritional guidance, there was an increase in the intake of all food groups, especially the dairy group (p <0.05).The change of the nutritional status occurs early in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, even in those previously eutrophic or over weight. There was an increase in food intake after nutritional guidance according to the food guide adapted to the Brazilian population.

RESUMO Pacientes neurológicos com esclerose lateral amiotrófica frequentemente evoluem com piora do estado nutricional. O objetivo desse estudo foi comparar o estado nutricional e a ingestão alimentar depois da orientação nutricional em pacientes com ELA. Variáveis clínicas,antropométricas e funcionais foram analisadas. 53 pacientes foram avaliados na fase inicial da doença. A pontuação média da escala de funcionalidade foi de 33 pontos. Inicialmente apenas 3,8% foram classificados como baixo peso. Após três meses, 50% apresentaram variação significativa nas medidas antropométricas relacionadas com reservas de massa muscular e gordura corporal, sem associação com variáveis clínicas. Após orientação nutricional, houve um aumento na ingestão de alimentos de todos os grupos com relevância para o grupo de lacticínios (p <0,05). A mudança do estado nutricional ocorre precocemente em pacientes com ELA, mesmo naqueles anteriormente eutróficos ou sobrepeso. Houve um aumento na ingestão de alimentos após orientação nutricional de acordo com o guia alimentar adaptado da população brasileira.

Correlação entre carga de trabalho de enfermagem e gravidade dos pacientes críticos gerais, neurológicos e cardiológicos / Correlation between work load of nursing and severity of critical general, neurological and cardiac patients

Correlacionar gravidade do paciente e carga de trabalho da equipe de enfermagem, utilizando os índices Simplified Acute Psysiology Score (SAPS3) e Nursing Activities Score (NAS) e compará-los entre três subgrupos: cardiológicos, neurológicos e gerais. Métodos: Coorte prospectivo, em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva de hospital privado de São Paulo, entre agosto a outubro de 2011. Resultados: Foram acompanhados 195 pacientes, 57,9% do sexo masculino, mediana de idade 69 anos. Correlação moderada entre NAS e SAPS3 no subgrupo neurológico (p = 0,02; r = 0,430). SAPS3 do subgrupo geral foi maior comparado ao subgrupo neurológico (p = 0,002). O NAS foi maior no subgrupo geral quando comparado ao subgrupo cardiológico (p = 0,001). Conclusão: Houve correlação moderada entre a gravidade de pacientes neurológicos e a carga de trabalho de enfermagem. A gravidade e a carga de trabalho de enfermagem no subgrupo de pacientes gerais foram maiores em relação aos pacientes neurológicos e cardiológicos, respectivamente...

Interferência e características do edema periorbital no exame pupilar após craniotomia / Interference and characteristics of periorbital edema in pupil examination after craniotomy

Objetivo Avaliar a interferência e características do edema periorbital no exame pupilar, em pacientes submetidos a craniotomia por via anterior. Métodos Estudo de coorte prospectivo realizado em pacientes no pós-operatório na unidade de terapia intensiva e internação de neurocirurgia. A interferência e características do edema periorbital no exame pupilar foram avaliados da admissão do paciente até sétimo dia de pós-operatório. O exame pupilar foi realizado por enfermeiros. Resultados Foram avaliados 100 pacientes e a incidência de edema periorbital foi de 80%. O enfermeiro não realizou o exame pupilar em 24 (30%) pacientes. As características que influenciaram na realização do exame pupilar foram coloração arroxeada e intenso edema periorbital. Conclusão O edema periorbital estava presente na maioria dos pacientes no pós-operatório de craniotomia e o exame pupilar não foi realizado em 30% dos pacientes. A presença de intenso edema periorbital e de coloração arroxeada foram características que prejudicaram o exame pupilar...

Objective To assess the interference and the characteristics of periorbital edema in pupil examination with patients who underwent anterior craniotomy. Methods Prospective cohort study conducted postoperatively in an intensive care unit and neurosurgery ward. Interference and characteristics of periorbital edema in pupil examination were assessed between patients’ admission and the seventh day of the postoperative period. Pupil examination was performed by nurses. Results One hundred patients were examined and the incidence of periorbital edema was 80%. Pupil examination was not performed by a nurse in 24 patients (30%). The characteristics that influenced the performance of pupil examination were purplish coloration and severe periorbital edema. Conclusion Periorbital edema was found in most postoperative craniotomy patients and pupil examination was not performed in 30% of them. The presence of severe periorbital edema and purplish coloration were the factors that hampered pupil examination...

Qualidade de vida de pacientes com acidente vascular cerebral em reabilitação / Quality of life of patients with stroke rehabilitation

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar e correlacionar a qualidade de vida e depressão de pacientes após acidente vascular cerebral em reabilitação. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado em dois serviços de reabilitação, com pacientes de acidente vascular cerebral. As informações coletadas foram sociodemográficas, o Medical Outcome Study 36 - item short-form health survey, o Stroke Specific Quality of Life Scale, o Índice de Barthel e o Inventário de Depressão de Beck. RESULTADOS: A amostra foi constituída de 139 pacientes, idade média 59,4 anos e 59% eram homens. Houve comprometimento dos escores da qualidade de vida geral e específica. Segundo o Índice de Barthel 49,6% dos pacientes apresentavam dependência moderada a severa e 49,7% tinham sintomas depressivos, conforme Inventário de Depressão de Beck, não havendo correlação positiva entre estes dados e qualidade de vida geral e específica. CONCLUSÃO: A qualidade de vida geral e específica dos pacientes com acidente vascular cerebral, em reabilitação, apresentou domínios comprometidos.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate and correlate quality of life and depression of patients in rehabilitation after stoke. METHODS: A transversal study conducted in two rehabilitation services with patients after stroke. Information collected included sociodemographic data, the Medical Outcome Study Short-form 36 - item Health Survey, the Stroke Specific Quality of Life Scale, the Barthel Index and the Beck Depression Inventory. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 139 patients, with a mean age of 59.4 years; 59% were male. The general and specific quality of life scores were compromised. According to the Barthel Index, 49.6% of the patients presented moderate to severe dependency, and 49.7% had depressive symptoms according to the Beck Depression Index; there was no positive correlation between these data and general and specific quality of life. CONCLUSION: General and specific quality of life of patients in rehabilitation, after stroke, presented compromised domains.

Interference of nail polish on the peripheral oxygen saturation in patients with lung problems during exercise.

AIM: To assess the interference of nail polish on the reading of peripheral oxygen saturation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on the step exercise. METHODS: In this study, there was the inclusion of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, current non-smokers, of both sexes. Four different colours of nail polish were used in the present study (base, light pink, red and brown), randomly distributed among the fingers of the right hand, with the corresponding fingers on the opposite hand being controls. Saturation was measured at rest, with and without the polish, and also during the 4th, 5th and 6th minutes of the exercise programme. RESULTS: The experimental universe included 42 patients with ages of 62.9±8.7 years. In the exercise considered, the red colour reduced it in the fourth minute of the exercise (p=0.047). In contrast, the brown colour reduced saturation at rest and also during the course of exercise (p=0.01). CONCLUSION: In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the red and brown colours interfered with the reading of the peripheral oxygen saturation during exercise. This study is registered at the Brazilian Register of Clinical Trials (Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos) under No. RBR-9vc722.

Interference of nail polish on the peripheral oxygen saturation in patients with lung problems during exercise / Interferência do esmalte de unha na saturação periférica de oxigênio em pacientes pneumopatas no exercício / La interferencia del esmalte de uñas en la saturación periférica de oxígeno en pacientes con pneumopatía en el ejercicio

AIM: To assess the interference of nail polish on the reading of peripheral oxygen saturation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on the step exercise. METHODS: In this study, there was the inclusion of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, current non-smokers, of both sexes. Four different colours of nail polish were used in the present study (base, light pink, red and brown), randomly distributed among the fingers of the right hand, with the corresponding fingers on the opposite hand being controls. Saturation was measured at rest, with and without the polish, and also during the 4th, 5th and 6th minutes of the exercise programme. RESULTS: The experimental universe included 42 patients with ages of 62.9±8.7 years. In the exercise considered, the red colour reduced it in the fourth minute of the exercise (p=0.047). In contrast, the brown colour reduced saturation at rest and also during the course of exercise (p=0.01). CONCLUSION: In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the red and brown colours interfered with the reading of the peripheral oxygen saturation during exercise. This study is registered at the Brazilian Register of Clinical Trials (Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos) under No. RBR-9vc722.

OBJETIVO: avaliar a interferência do esmalte de unha na leitura da saturação periférica de oxigênio em pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica, no exercício do degrau. MÉTODOS: foram incluídos pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica estável, não fumantes atuais, de ambos os sexos. Utilizaram-se quatro cores de esmalte (base, rosa claro, vermelho e marrom), distribuídas aleatoriamente entre os dedos da mão direita, tendo os dedos contralaterais como controle. A saturação foi medida em repouso com e sem esmalte e durante o 4º, 5º e 6º minutos do exercício. RESULTADOS: foram incluídos 42 pacientes com idade de 62,9±8,7 anos. No exercício, a cor vermelha diminuiu a mesma no quarto minuto de exercício (p=0,047). A cor marrom reduziu a saturação no repouso e durante o exercício (p=0,01). CONCLUSÃO: em pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica, as cores marrom e vermelha interferem na leitura da saturação periférica de oxigênio no exercício. Este estudo está registrado no Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos, sob número de registro: RBR-9vc722.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la interferencia del esmalte de uñas en la lectura de la saturación periférica de oxígeno en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica en el ejercicio de la etapa. MÉTODOS: Fueron incluidos pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica estable, no fumadores actuales, de ambos los sexos. Fueron utilizadas cuatro colores de esmalte (base, rosa claro, rojo y marrón) distribuidas aleatoriamente entre los dedos de la mano derecha teniendo los dedos contralaterales como control. La saturación fue medida en reposo con y sin esmalte y durante el 4º, 5º y 6º minutos del ejercicio. RESULTADOS: Fueron incluidos 42 pacientes con edad de 62,9±8,7 años. En el ejercicio el color rojo apocó la misma en el cuarto minuto de ejercicio (p=0,047). El color marrón redujo la saturación en el reposo y durante el ejercicio (p=0,01). CONCLUSIÓN: En pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica los colores marrón y rojo interfieren en la lectura de la saturación periférica de oxígeno en el ejercicio. Este estudio está registrado en el Registro Brasileño de Ensayos Clínicos bajo el número de registro: RBR-9vc722.

Avaliação da analgesia controlada pelo paciente no pós-operató-rio de cirurgia cardíaca, com infusão continua de morfina / Evaluation of patient-controlled analgesia in the postoperative period of heart surgery with morphine continuous infusion

Justificativa e objetivos: A bomba de analgesia controlada pelo paciente (ACP) permite que sejam administrados opioides de forma segura e em diferentes programações. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a analgesia, efeitos colaterais e o consumo analgésico de pacientes em pós operatório de cirurgia cardíaca que utilizaram ACP na programação contínua mais bolus com morfina, por via venosa. Método: Estudo prospectivo unicêntrico. O acompanhamento foi realizado a partir da extubação dos pacientes a cada 6h,até 30h. Foram analisadas as seguintes variáveis: intensidade de dor, o consumo de analgésico, número de solicitações de analgésicos e ocorrência de efeitos colaterais.Resultados: A ausência da dor foi verificada em 86 por cento dospacientes, os efeitos colaterais predominantes foram náuseas e vômitos, houve diminuição significante no consumo e nasolicitação de morfina. Conclusão: A programação contínua mais bolus foi segura e eficaz no controle da dor.

Background and objectives: Patient-controlled analgesia pump (PCA) allows for the safe administration of opioids in different schedules. This study aimed at evaluating analgesia, side-effects and analgesic consumption of patients in the postoperative period of heart surgery using intravenous PCA incontinuous infusion plus morphine bolus. Method: Prospective study carried out in a hospital of São Paulo. Patients were followed-up as from extubation every 6 h,until 30h. The following variables were evaluated: pain intensity, analgesic consumption, lumber of analgesic requests and side effects. Results: There has been no pain in 86 per cent of patients. Predominant side-effects were nausea and vomiting with significant decrease in morphine consumption and request. Conclusion: Continuous infusion plus bolus is safe and effective to control pain.

Avaliação das medidas de oximetria de pulso em indivíduos sadios com esmalte de unha / Evaluation of pulse oximetry measurements in healthy subjects with nail polish

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as alterações nas medidas da oximetria de pulso em indivíduos sadios com esmaltes de unha. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 80 voluntárias sadias. As cores de esmalte utilizadas para avaliar a saturação periférica de oxigênio (SpO2) foram: café com leite, café, chocolate, vermelho e ameixa. Estas cores foram distribuídas entre as unhas dos dedos da mão esquerda. Os dedos da mão direita foram os controles. RESULTADOS: As cores vermelha (p=0,047) e café (p=0,024) mostraram valores menores na SpO2 quando comparados ao controle. As outras cores não alteraram a medida da SpO2. CONCLUSÃO: As cores vermelha e café causaram redução na medida da SpO2, porém a relevância clínica deste achado é questionável, pois os valores estavam dentro do intervalo de normalidade.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the changes in measurements of pulse oximetry in healthy individuals with nail polish. METHODS: Cross sectional study with 80 healthy volunteers. The colors of enamel used to assess oxygen saturation (SpO2) were: coffee with milk, coffee, chocolate, red and plum. These colors were distributed among the finger nails of his left hand. The fingers of the right hand were the controls. RESULTS: The colors red (p = 0.047) and coffee (p = 0.024) showed lower values in SpO2 in comparison to the control. The other colors did not change the measurement of SpO2. CONCLUSION: The colors red and coffee caused reduction in the measurement of SpO2, but the clinical relevance of this finding is questionable, because the values were within the normal range.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar las alteraciones en las medidas de la oximetría de pulso en individuos sanos con esmalte de uña. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal realizado con 80 voluntarias sanas. Los colores de esmalte utilizados para evaluar la saturación periférica de oxígeno (SpO2) fueron: café con leche, café, chocolate, rojo y ciruela. Estos colores fueron distribuidos entre las uñas de los dedos de la mano izquierda. Los dedos de la mano derecha fueron los controles. RESULTADOS: Los colores rojo (p=0,047) y café (p=0,024) mostraron valores menores en la SpO2 cuando fueron comparados al control. Los otros colores no alteraron la medida del SpO2. CONCLUSIÓN: Los colores rojo y café causaron reducción en la medida del SpO2, sin embargo la relevancia clínica de este hallazgo es cuestionable, pues los valores estaban dentro del intervalo de normalidad.

Avaliação da analgesia controlada pelo paciente no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca, com infusão continua de morfina / Evaluation of patient-controlled analgesia in the postoperative period of heart surgery with morphine continuous infusion

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A bomba de analgesia controlada pelo paciente (ACP) permite que sejam administrados opioides de forma segura e em diferentes programações. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a analgesia, efeitos colaterais e o consumo analgésico de pacientes em pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca que utilizaram ACP na programação contínua mais bolus com morfina, por via venosa.MÉTODO: Estudo prospectivo unicêntrico. O acompanhamento foi realizado a partir da extubação dos pacientes a cada 6h, até 30h. Foram analisadas as seguintes variáveis: intensidade de dor, o consumo de analgésico, número de solicitações de analgésicos e ocorrência de efeitos colaterais.RESULTADOS: A ausência da dor foi verificada em 86% dos pacientes, os efeitos colaterais predominantes foram náuseas e vômitos, houve diminuição significante no consumo e na solicitação de morfina.CONCLUSÃO: A programação contínua mais bolus foi segura e eficaz no controle da dor.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Patient-controlled analgesia pump (PCA) allows for the safe administration of opioids in different schedules. This study aimed at evaluating analgesia, side-effects and analgesic consumption of patients in the postoperative period of heart surgery using intravenous PCA in continuous infusion plus morphine bolus.METHOD: Prospective study carried out in a hospital of São Paulo. Patients were followed-up as from extubation every 6 h, until 30h. The following variables were evaluated: pain intensity, analgesic consumption, number of analgesic requests and side-effects.RESULTS: There has been no pain in 86% of patients. Predominant side-effects were nausea and vomiting with significant decrease in morphine consumption and request.CONCLUSION: Continuous infusion plus bolus is safe and effective to control pain.

Colonização e infecção em pacientes com cateter peridural não tunelizado para analgesia / Colonization and infection in patients with non-tunneled epidural catheter for analgesia / Colonización e infección en pacientes con catéter peridural no tunelizado para analgesia

OBJETIVO: Correlacionar a colonização e a infecção no paciente em uso do cateter peridural não tunelizado para analgesia. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo realizado com 109 pacientes clínicos ou cirúrgicos e com tempo de permanência do cateter >72 horas em um hospital privado do Município de São Paulo. A cultura de vigilância foi realizada com base na coleta da ponta do cateter peridural, swab pericateter e hemocultura periférica. RESULTADOS: Dentre os 109 acompanhados 109 pacientes, 106 (97,2 por cento) foram cirúrgicos e 3 (2,8 por cento) clínicos. O tempo de permanência do cateter variou de 3 a 18 dias e a taxa de colonização foi de 11 por cento. Doze pacientes apresentaram colonização do cateter peridural e o principal micro-organismo isolado foi o Staphylococcus coagulase-negativa. CONCLUSÕES: A cultura positiva do cateter peridural constituiu um fator preditor para a colonização, porém nenhum paciente com positividade evoluiu com infecção.

OBJECTIVE: To correlate the colonization and infection in patients using non-tunneled epidural catheter for analgesia effects. METHODS: This is a prospective study of 109 clinical or surgical patients, with catheter dwell time> 72 hours, in a private hospital in the city of Sao Paulo. The culture of surveillance was carried out based on the collection of the epidural catheter tip, swab peri-catheter and peripheral blood cultures. RESULTS: Among the 109 patients accompanied, 106 (97.2 percent) were surgical and 3 (2.8 percent) clinical. The catheter dwell time ranged from 3 to 18 days and the rate of colonization was 11 percent. Twelve patients had epidural catheter colonization and the main organism isolated was coagulase-negative Staphylococcus. CONCLUSIONS: The positive culture of epidural catheter was a predictive factor for colonization; however, it was not found positive patients who evolved to infection.

OBJETIVO: Correlacionar la colonización y la infección, en pacientes que usan catéter peridural no tunelizado para efectos de analgesia. MÉTODOS: Se trata de un estudio prospectivo realizado con 109 pacientes clínicos o quirúrgicos, con tiempo de permanencia del catéter >72 horas, en un hospital privado del Municipio de Sao Paulo. La cultura de vigilancia fue realizada con base en la recolección de la punta del catéter peridural, swab pericatéter y hemocultura periférica. RESULTADOS: Entre los 109 pacientes acompañados, 106 (97,2 por ciento) fueron quirúrgicos y 3 (2,8 por ciento) clínicos. El tiempo de permanencia del catéter varió de 3 a 18 días y la tasa de colonización fue de 11 por ciento. Doce pacientes presentaron colonización del catéter peridural y el principal microorganismo aislado fue el Staphylococcus coagulase-negativa. CONCLUSIONES: La cultura positiva del catéter peridural constituyó un factor de predicción para la colonización, sin embargo no se encontró ningún paciente con positividad que evolucionó para infección.

Comparison study of two different patient-controlled anesthesia regiments after cardiac surgery.

INTRODUCTION: Acute and severe pain is frequent in patients who undergo cardiothoracic surgery. Patient controlled analgesia (PCA) can be used to manage postoperative pain. OBJECTIVE: To compare analgesia of morphine PCA alone without continuous infusion with morphine PCA plus a continuous infusion on postoperative period after cardiac surgery and to evaluate pain scores, morphine consumption, number of demand, patient satisfaction and side effects. METHODS: Randomized trial was conducted to assess patients who underwent cardiac surgery receiving either morphine PCA alone or morphine PCA plus continuous infusion. In the post operative period, PCA was started at extubation in both regiments according to randomization. Pain intensity, morphine consumption, number of demand, satisfaction and side effects were assessed at zero, six, twelve, eighteen, twenty four and thirty hours after patients' extubation. RESULTS: The study enrolled 100 patients. 50 patients received morphine PCA alone, (Group A) and 50 patients received morphine PCA plus a background infusion, (Group B). Group B patients had less demand, consumed more morphine and were more satisfied regarding analgesia. No statistical differences were shown between groups related to pain intensity, and side effects. CONCLUSIONS: Pain control was effective and similar in both groups. Morphine PCA alone seems to be better for postoperative pain manage in cardiac surgery, due to its less morphine expense with the same effectiveness.

Comparison study of two different patient-controlled anesthesia regiments after cardiac surgery / Estudo comparativo de duas diferentes modalidades de analgesia controlada pelo paciente após cirurgia cardíaca

INTRODUCTION: Acute and severe pain is frequent in patients who undergo cardiothoracic surgery. Patient controlled analgesia (PCA) can be used to manage postoperative pain. OBJECTIVE: To compare analgesia of morphine PCA alone (without continous infusion) with morphine PCA plus a continuous infusion on postoperative period after cardiac surgery and to evaluate pain scores, morphine consumption, number of demand, patient satisfaction and side effects. METHODS: Randomized trial was conducted to assess patients who underwent cardiac surgery receiving either morphine PCA alone or morphine PCA plus continous infusion. In the post operative period, PCA was started at extubation in both regiments according to randomization. Pain intensity, morphine consumption, number of demand, satisfaction and side effects were assessed at zero, six, twelve, eighteen, twenty four and thirty hours after patients' extubation. RESULTS: The study enrolled 100 patients. 50 patients received morphine PCA alone, (Group A) and 50 patients received morphine PCA plus a background infusion, (Group B). Group B patients had less demand, consumed more morphine and were more satisfied regarding analgesia. No statistical differences were shown between groups related to pain intensity, and side effects. CONCLUSIONS: Pain control was effective and similar in both groups. Morphine PCA alone seems to be better for postoperative pain manage in cardiac surgery, due to its less morphine expense with the same effectiveness.

INTRODUÇÃO: A dor aguda e intensa faz parte do cotidiano dos pacientes que realizam cirurgia cardíaca, e para o controle da dor, pode-se dispor da analgesia controlada pelo paciente (PCA -Patient controlled analgesia). OBJETIVO: Comparar a analgesia utilizando PCA sem infusão contínua com PCA mais infusão contínua de morfina no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca e avaliar a intensidade dolorosa, consumo analgésico, número de solicitações analgésicas, satisfação e efeitos colaterais. MÉTODOS: Ensaio clínico randomizado em que foram estudados pacientes submetidos a cirurgias cardíacas, que utilizaram PCA com e sem infusão intravenosa de morfina. No pós-operatório, ao se extubar os pacientes, foi instalada PCA nas duas modalidades, conforme o sorteio. Intensidade dolorosa, consumo analgésico, número de solicitações analgésicas, satisfação e efeitos colaterais foram avaliados no momento da extubação e nas 6, 12, 18, 24 e 30 horas seguintes. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 100 pacientes, sendo 50 no grupo (A) que recebeu PCA sem infusão contínua de morfina, e 50 no grupo (B) que utilizou PCA com infusão contínua de morfina. Pacientes do grupo (B) consumiram mais morfina, solicitaram menos vezes, e ficaram mais satisfeitos com a analgesia. Não se observaram diferenças significantes entre os grupos quanto à intensidade da dor e aos efeitos colaterais. CONCLUSÕES: O controle da dor foi eficiente e similar em ambos os grupos estudados. A mesma eficácia de analgesia e o menor consumo de morfina sugerem que PCA sem infusão contínua de morfina seja a melhor opção no controle da dor no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca.